water pollution from garbage

Give an outline

introduction and 3 cause and 3 effect and 3 solution and conclusion

Running head: RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE

Research Paper Outline Student Name Western Illinois University

Author Note: This paper was prepared for UP Research Writing, Section D, taught by Hannah Murphy.

RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE Global Warming Quotation Sampler & Outline I. Introduction a. Definition i. The increase in the Earth’s ocean and near surface temperatures b. Debates i. Last several decades ii. Human activity vs. natural sources iii. Human activity: dependence on fossil fuels iv. Natural sources: volcanoes and forest fires c. Increased temps result in warmer climate & change in ecosystems

d. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): average global temperature has increased by .74 degrees since the mid-20th century (Lynas, 2008) e. Thesis statement: Global warming is the result of human activity, and action must be taken in order to prevent a series of catastrophic events that would forever change life as we know it. I. Current Responses a. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) created the Kyoto Protocol i. Agreement to reduce annual emission of greenhouse gases (Hawkins, 2010) b. Consists of 160 countries c. US hasn’t signed protocol (Clemmit, 2006) II. Causes a. Greenhouse Gas Effect & an imbalance in greenhouse gases i. Normal conditions 1. Keeps life sustainable by keeping the earth within a constant range of temperatures (Gore & Guggenheim, 2006) 2. Solar radiation à? absorbed by Earth and released into atmosphere

RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE ii. Problem we’re having now

1. Atmosphere retaining too much heat now (Gore & Guggenheim, 2006) 2. This causes the Earth’s temperature to rise b. Relationship between Earth’s temperature and presence of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere i. Bushnell (2010): higher levels of greenhouse gases contribute to an overall hotter climate ii. Humans are responsible because everyday activities involves emissions of greenhouse gases à? fossil fuels c. Causes i. Fossil fuels: Passenger vehicles account for 20% of world’s CO2 emissions (Gore & Guggenheim, 2006) ii. Deforestation: plants naturally reduce CO2 (Lynas, 2008) iii. Measuring greenhouse gas levels: show a steady increase, highest they have ever been in 750,000 years iv. Dangerously high levels contribute to global warming III. Effects a. Disrupt ecosystems b. Fast-melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels, earlier bloom of plants, destruction of animal habitats, interruption of migratory bird patterns (Ralston, 2009) c. Warmer temperatures have played a role in affecting the earth’s weather patterns. Rainfall patterns are rapidly changing, causing droughts in some areas. Supplies of fresh water have been threatened by “snowfall patterns … changing and rainfall patterns [being] unstable” (Ralston, 2009, p. 827). Other regions will experience the opposite effect and will receive continual rainfall with reoccurring floods. i. Agriculture production will be affected

RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE

ii. Warmer ocean temperatures have doubled the number of category 4 and 5 tropical storms (Kluger, 2006) d. Melting Polar Ice Caps i. Habitat for many wildlife species ii. Millions of polar animals would struggle for life & those who can’t adapt will become extinct iii. Gulf stream could become diluted by freshwater and fail to operate 1. This could lead to year-round freezing (Kluger, 2006) e. Impact on Humans i. Sea levels rising à? submerge large coastal portions ii. According to Dr. James E. Hansen (2006), the director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and former President George W. Bush’s top climate modeler, “[a] satellite study of the Greenland ice cap shows that it is melting far faster than scientists had feared – twice as much ice is going into the sea as it was five years ago” (para. 7). The Greenland ice sheet is composed of enough water to raise the sea level by 20 feet, and if entirely melted it would submerge an estimated 20,000 square miles of land, including most of Bangladesh, the Netherlands, and the State of Florida. iii. Nearly 1.2 billion people would lose their homes in this event (Gore & Guggenheim, 2006). IV. Solutions a. Increase use of clean technologies, renewable sources, and nuclear power i. Help restore greenhouse gases to their normal levels (Ralston, 2009) ii. Tipping point theory (Lynas, 2008) b. Series of changes required to maintain a similar lifestyle i. Hansen (2006): stabilize carbon emissions by the year 2016 ii. Focus needs to be on energy efficiency and renewable sources of energy iii. Using energy more efficiently reduces the total amount needed

RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE

1. Examples include sub-zero refrigerator, heat reflective windows, hybrid automobiles (Hansen, 2006) c. Renewable energy i. Replacing carbon emitting forms of energy ii. Sunlight, wind, rain and tides (Bushnell, 2010). iii. Accounts for 5% of the world’s energy demands iv. Clemmit (2006): switching renewable sources of energy as the sole provider is not a feasible immediate solution because of technological and financial barriers d. Nuclear energy i. Accounts for 15% of the world’s power ii. Required consumption of radioactive elements such as uranium and plutonium, which are non-renewable (Bushnell, 2010) iii. Power derived from nuclear power plants does not create greenhouse gases V. Conclusion a. Human activity is responsible for global warming b. Fossil fuels are burned each day c. Highest concentration in the last 750,000 years d. These gases over-exaggerate the Earth’s natural greenhouse effect and cause the temperature to rise e. Rising temps lead to devastating effects on ecosystem f. Clean forms of energy exist and we need to switch to them g. Scientists argue that it’s important we act now

RESEARCH PAPER OUTLINE References Bushnell, D. M. (2010). Conquering climate change. The Futurist, 14(3), 7-11.

Clemmitt, M. (2006). Is tougher action needed to slow rising temperatures? CQResearcher, 16(4), 1-35. Gore, A. (Producer), & Guggenheim, D. (Director). (2006). An inconvenient truth. [Motion Picture]. United States: Paramount. Hansen, J. (2006). Climate change: On the edge. The Independent, n.p. Hawkins, W. R. (2010, April 6). Global warming is back. The Washington Times, pp. 1A. Kluger, J. (2006, March 26). Global warming heats up. TIME, n.p. Lynas, M. (2008). Six degrees: Our future on a hotter planet. Washington, D.C. : National Geographic. Ralston, S. J. (2009). Engineering an awful an ethical solution to the problem of global warming. Review of Policy Research, 26(6), 821-837.
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