adopted beliefs

The readings in this set discuss three contemporary situations about which large groups of people have adopted beliefs and have persisted in believing them in spite of overwhelming factual and scientific data.
The readings in this set discuss three contemporary situations about which large groups of people have adopted beliefs and have persisted in believing them in spite of overwhelming factual and scientific data. The false beliefs discussed in this set are:
? That Saddam Hussein was responsible for the 9/11 attacks
? That climate change is not occurring or isn’t important
? That childhood vaccinations cause autism.
Prasad et al claim that “the presence or absence of correct information” is not the cause of false beliefs or misperceptions. Instead, those misperceptions result from various kinds of “motivated reasoning” (1). Washington and Haydn also claim that lack of information does not explain people’s denial. They say that instead it is due to “psychological, emotional, and behavioral barriers” (8). They present five types of “denial arguments” that apply to almost all “denial movements” (9).
Question:
Why and how do people continue to believe that vaccinations cause autism, in spite of substantial evidence that their belief is not true? To answer this question, use the explanations offered by Prasad et al in “There Must Be a Reason,” and by Washington and Haydn in the two selections from Climate Change Denial, to analyze the history of the vaccination controversy presented by Specter in “Vaccines and the Great Denial.” Be sure to define and employ relevant key terms, which may include “motivated reasoning,” “denial arguments,” and “denial movements.”
Reading Set: Denialism
1. Prasad, Monica, Andrew J. Perrin, Kieran Bezila, Steve G. Hoffman, Kate Kindleberger, , Kim Manturuk, and Ashleigh Smith Powers. “‘There Must Be a Reason’: Osama, Saddam, and Inferred Justification.” Sociological Inquiry Vol. 79, No. 2, May 2009, pages 142-162.
2. Washington, Haydn and John Cook. “Denial and the Nature of Science” and “The Five Types of Climate Change Argument” in Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand. London: Earthscan Ltd., 2011.
3. Specter, Michael. “Vaccines and the Great Denial” in Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet, and Threatens our Lives. NY: Penguin, 2009.

Notes:
It is essential that you include in your essay specific references to the articles in the reading set, and that you attribute any material that you summarize, quote, or paraphrase to its source. Base your essay on the information contained in the set of readings, not on your own experience, on outside readings, or on courses you have taken. Plagiarism in a portfolio, whether it is in the new essay or in one of the supporting essays, will be treated in the manner as outlined in the Code of
Conduct. The consequences of violating these policies are serious and may include suspension or expulsion

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