+1 862 207 3288 Please build on this research proposal (below) by including and incorporating the following requests:
I. Introduction (2 pages)
a. Background on topic (why is it important to study?).
b. Clearly stated research question (do not compose a question that can be answered with a “yes” or “no” response).
c. Hypothesis (tentative answer to the research question).
II. Literature Review (6 pages)
a. Organize this review around themes or variables that will help answer the research question with conclusions, concepts, ideas, and theories of other authors.
b. Summarize the literature review by showing what the tentative answer is based on what other authors have said about this topic. Use the other authors materials as references as applicable.
III. Theory and Methodology (2 pages)
a. Theoretical Framework — how does the paper relate to the theories in the field of IR.
b. Methodology — justify answering the research question by showing that it’s the best way to do it.
IV. Analysis & Findings (8 pages)
a. Lay out the data and the analysis using methodology and information/data.
b. Present findings and summarize them.
V. Conclusion (2 pages)
a. Recap and briefly summarize findings as they relate to answering the research question and either supporting or not supporting the hypothesis.
b. Give a strong conclusion that shows very clearly what was found.
Can new changes in National Security help prevent terrorism and enhance security?
Introduction
In the recent past, terrorism has been a major issue of concern for governments on a global scale. Most notably, the September 11th 2001 Attacks in the United States were considered to be the worst attack that any country has ever suffered in the modern world. As a result, it became important for the United States government to implement suitable security measures in response to this attack and to guarantee that such attacks do not occur in the future. The Homeland Security Act is an example of one measure that sought to protect the homeland, and a cascade of security changes.
The United States, with regards to the Homeland Security Act, has taken critical strides in monitoring any potential terrorist financing and traveling with the assistance of other international organizations. Another notable change revolves around the countryís investment in guaranteeing border security. This has been achieved through the establishment of initiatives under Section 287 (g) of the Secure Communities Program and the Immigration and Nationality Act . These initiatives have significantly increased administrative activities in different parts of the country. They have also functioned to discourage illegal immigration across the border along with the unlawful presence of potential terrorists. However, the main question that relates to the changes in National Security revolves around whether these changes are effective in enhancing security and preventing terrorism. With this in mind, this research will seek to evaluate the present changes and their impact on curbing terrorism in the country.
Research Question
This research will function under the research question ìCan the new changes implemented in National Security help in preventing terrorism and enhance security?î Under this research question, changes in National Security will be outlined along with their current impact on the prevention of terrorism in the United States.
Purpose Statement
The United States government has made significant efforts in determining the functional measures in the security changes and non-functional measures. However, as a result of this, some programs and practices have been stopped as they were found to have little to no contribution in guaranteeing security. One main example of this is the eradication of the color-coded advisory system, which was considered to be ineffective and confusing. In its place, the National Terrorism Advisory System was implemented .
On the other hand, the number of cities that receive funding to deal with terrorism threats has been reduced from 63 to 31 as of 2011. This measure is considered to be hazardous as it leaves the other cities vulnerable to terrorist attacks . The government has attempted to justify this action by pointing out that the funds have been redistributed to other important aspects affecting the country, while dealing with terrorism from a countrywide perspective.
It is important to note that the progress made with regards to national security has been inconsistent. The government continues to apply crucial measures focusing on immigration policy and border security. However, it still undercuts key aspects of security including the funding for some of the cities. These actions pose a serious threat to the progress made in improving security across the border and reinstating the credibility of the countryís immigration laws.
Hypothesis
The research will function under the positive hypothesis that changes in National Security will be beneficial in the war against terrorism and they will function to improve the security of the country.
Literature Review
Due to the September 11th Attacks, along with other terrorist attacks on major cities in the world, the United States sought to implement several changes in the national security program to guarantee that its citizens are safe. The first priority of the American government is to protect its country along with the security and safety of other American citizens on international grounds. The first strategy that was implemented involved evaluating the scale and nature of the terrorist threat. This helped to outline the basic elements and principles that reinforce the counter-terrorism activities of the government . These elements and principles function as a way of evaluating and prioritizing the efforts of the government in their war against terrorism. The ultimate goal of this strategy is to deal with local and international terrorism in a way that guarantees the protection of the United States, its citizens, and the interests of the country.
It is important to take note of the fact that terrorism was a crucial aspect in previous administrations prior to the 9/11 Attacks. For example, during the reign of President Reagan, the Secretary of State pointed out that terrorism would be a main point of focus for the government in place of the advancement of human rights . Despite the fact that countering terrorism was never a primary concern of the previous administrations before President Bush, they each paid attention to the critical issue and developed effective strategies and policies that function to shape the policies being used today.
There are several Defence Department and Presidential directives and executive orders which outline the measures of dealing with terrorism in the country. Terrorist acts and terrorist groups have been the main point of focus for these reports by the Congressional bodies and the agencies of the executive branch. These bodies include CIA, the State Department, the FBI, and the Congressional Research Service. In addition to that the General Accounting Office outlined several documents which evaluate the ability of the government to mitigate or prevent terrorist strikes and possible attacks.
According to Redd and Mintz, the United States ought to apply new measures in order to prevent terrorism on the homeland . However, there are crucial factors that ought to be considered with regards to the development of these new changes. For example, how do they impact the rights and freedoms of American citizens? The authors point out that if the government implements measures that interfere with the rights of the society, this would be a harmful approach. Additionally, if terrorists cause the country to become fearful and closed, then they would be winning.
Among the first changes to ever take place with regards to countering terrorism took place in 1993, when the World Trade Center was bombed. The government implemented anti-terrorist measures, including implementing surveillance cameras and security guards which amounted to a total of $25 million per annum . However, the cost of anti-terrorism has increased significantly as the government spends billions in investigating and countering terrorism ever since September 11th 2001. There are other measures that have been implemented with regards to terrorism including helping the recovery of airlines and tending to the needs of the victims of terrorism. While these measures may be beneficial in managing terrorism, other measures should also be implemented and various policies ought to be changed to meet the needs of the anti-terrorism measures.
Some of the proposed changes include allowing local administrative authorities, including the police to interrogate and search terrorist suspects. Additionally, there is a proposal that requires violent organizations that pose a threat to the security of the country to be outlawed. According to James Q Wilson, a professor of public policy, the most effective way in which the government could counter terrorism would be to make use of all resources available, with regards to finances and human power . In this sense, the government should make efforts of finding new informants and using the information provided to counter terrorism. Additionally, FBI undercover agents should be used more effectively to infiltrate terrorist organizations and ensure the safety of the society. As it has become evident, terrorism is not only a problem that other countries have to deal with, it has a significant impact on the United Sates.
Local and state governments are currently seeking guidance to help them in making new changes to how they handle terrorism. These changes were intended to be universally used in all states, although this has proven to be problematic. One main hurdle relates to the interagency needs and the disparate resources in the country. The Abbot-Keating Commission was chartered by the Congress and is headed by Frank Keating and Steve Abbot. The commission functions to evaluate the capacity of the Pentagon to effectively respond to devastating and catastrophic disasters that may impact the country . It published its findings which outlined that there is a serious problem with the national security. For example, the government has not implemented an integrated planning system on a national platform to effectively curb man-made or natural disasters. To further aggravate the situation, local, federal, and state agencies have chosen not to reveal their activities at the time with regards to countering terrorism . In this sense, the citizens are not aware of the measures being implemented to guarantee their safety.
Methodology
A descriptive research design will be used for the purpose of determining the significance of changes in the counter-terrorism measures of the country. Through a descriptive design, it would be possible to understand the features of the associated variables and the subjects that will be questioned. It also helps to understand the current measures of security and the occurrence of terrorism in the country. Furthermore, it would be easier to understand the interrelationships among the various variables that contribute to the presence of security in the country and how the government is related to these aspects.
The main intention of this research is to provide information relating to the importance of changes in national security particularly with regards to countering terrorism and improving security. It will also function to increase the knowledge on national security measures and how they impact the society. A descriptive research design was found to be beneficial as it helps to gain more information about security within the borders of the country and to provide a framework for future research with regards to the subject. Important administrative individuals will be questioned to gain their perspective on the issue along with the perspective of the public. This will help to establish the impact of new changes and whether they might be positively or negatively affecting the society. Additionally, the information will help to establish whether new changes ought to be made in national security.
Sources of Data
For this research, various sources of data will be used based on their effectiveness in providing information relating to the measures of national security. For this reason, various governmental documents will be referenced including different Presidential and Administrative directives, CIA documents, and Directives of the Department of state. The Terrorism Prevention Act will also function as a suitable secondary source of data as it outlines guidelines that regulate how the country manages terrorism.
In addition to that, various authors, who have helped in evaluating the countryís security systems and their effectiveness, will also be referenced in the research. For example, the research by Kitrosser (2007) will shed light into the activities of national security. Ellis (2003) will outline the most effective strategies that the country has implemented ever since the 9/11 attacks. D’Appollonia (2014) will provide insight into the immigration regulations and whether they are effective in countering terrorism. Hoffman and Branlar (2016) will highlight the public perception of terrorism and what the society is aware of with regards to their security. Additional sources will also be used to further expound on the issue at hand.
Summary
In summary, it is anticipated that this research will shed light into the changes made in National Security and how they impact the measures against terrorism and improving security. Additionally, it will help to provide insight into whether there ought to be more changes in the security policies based on the effectiveness of the current policies. The information provided would signify the importance of countering terrorism and how the government of the United States has seen towards improving the security of the country.
Bibliography
Bush, George W. The national security strategy of the United States of America. Executive Office of the President Washington DC, 2002.
d’Appollonia, Ariane Chebel, and Simon Reich, eds. Immigration, integration, and security: America and Europe in comparative perspective. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014.
Ellis, Jason D. “The best defence: counter-proliferation and US national security.” The Washington Quarterly 26, no. 2 (2003): 115-133.
Hoffman, Robert R., and Matthieu Branlat. “To Know or Not to Know, What Is the Need?” Intelligent Systems, IEEE 31, no. 1 (2016): 78-82.
Kitrosser, Heidi. “Congressional Oversight of National Security Activities: Improving Information Funnels.” Cardozo L. Rev. 29 (2007): 1049.
Obama, Barack. National Security Strategy of the United States (2010). Collingdale, PA: Diane Publishing, 2010.
Redd, Steven B., and Alex Mintz. “Policy perspectives on national security and foreign policy decision making.” Policy Studies Journal 41, no. S1 (2013): S11-S37.
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