History

Research Essay Policies:
Each paper is to be:
• ca.3000 words in length
• presented in correct essay form using Chicago Citation referencing
• submitted in hard copy with all your papers stapled together or placed in a folder
• numbered starting on page 1 of the essay (not including the title page)
• page 1 of the paper (where you start writing) should have the title placed at the top
• submitted by the due date by the end of class (pls do not ask for extensions as they will not be given)
• comparative (if possible/relevant) and make use of relevant theory
• submitted electronically to Blackboard by the due date/time of the hard copy. (Please note that technical problems with submitting the paper to Blackboard will not be excused unless encountered 48 hours in advance of the due date)
• presented with a “Criteria-Reference Marking for Assignments” sheet as a cover.
• submitted with any email confirmations relating to different essay topics that have been approved by me. This should be the second page of your assignment, following the above “Criteria-Reference Marking Sheet for Assignments”

I will, time permitting, gladly look over drafts of your papers if submitted by the date indicated in the schedule below. Please make an appointment with me by the end of that week. After this period you are on your own.

Essay Questions – choose one of the following:
1. What are the main features of fascism according to the “new consensus” interpretation?
2. “Fascism did not spring into being fully formed in the 1920s, and there are definitely connections between pre-1914 and post-1918 ideas.” (Pierce) Discuss.
3. Are filibusters proto-fascists?
4. “If one focuses on such motivational concepts as ‘race’ and ‘space’, one can hardly ignore the structural affinities between colonialism and the Nazi policy of conquest and extermination” (Joachim Zeller, “Germany: The Latercomer”, The Age of Empires, ed. Robert Aldritch, London: 2007, 251)
5. Examine the impact of Futurism on Italian Fascism
6. Did the Franquist state constitute a fascist regime?
7. Keeping in mind academic differences of opinion on the nature of fascist regimes, compare and contrast the significance of “race” in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.
8. Account for the rise of Nazism in Germany.
9. Can modern South Africa, either in its historical origins, the WWII period, and/or during the apartheid years, be considered a fascist and/or Nazi regime? Be sure to include comparisons with other so-called fascist regimes in your answer.
10. “There will never be again a reproduction of the Third Reich, but Saddam Hussein has come closer than any other dictator since 1945.” (Payne) Discuss.
11. “A careful assessment reveals that Peronism had most but not all the characteristics of European fascism.” (Payne) Discuss.
12. Analyse one generic inter war fascist movement in Europe that did not achieve a popular following and explain (keeping in mind comparisons with the rise of successful fascist regimes elsewhere) the reasons for this failure.
13. “Fascism may have retreated to the margins [in the late 20th and early 21st centuries]… but ultra-nationalistic and anti-immigrant voices advocating ‘ethnic cleansing’ emerged as a significant political subculture in much of Europe.” (Thurlow) Discuss.

Required Texts/Sources:
Kallis, Aristole, (ed.), The Fascism Reader, London, 2003.
Passmore, K, Fascism: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford, 2002.
Searchlight Magazine (in the library)
http://www.hopenothate.org.uk/?page=home

Recommended Reading:
Blinkhorn, Martin, Democracy and Civil War in Spain, 1931-1939, London, 1992.
Blinkhorn, Martin, Fascism and the Right in Europe, London, 2000.
Bosworth. R.J.B. & Dogliani, Patrizia, (eds.), Italian Fascism. History, Memory and Representation, London, 1999.
Bulloch, J & Morris, H., Saddam’s War, London, 1991.
Burleigh, Michael, The Third Reich: A New History, London, 2000.
Carr, Raymond. Spain: 1808-1975, Oxford, 1990.
Cassels, Alan. Fascist Italy, Illinois, 1985.
Cornwell, John, Hitler’s Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII., London, 1999,.
Davies, Peter and Lynch, Derek, The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right, London, 2002.
Davenport, T.R.H., South Africa: A Modern History, London, 1984.
Davies, Peter and Lynch, Derek, The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right, London, 2002.
Eatwell, Roger, Fascism: A History, London, 1995.
Ellwood, Sheelah M., The Spanish Civil War. Oxford, 1991.
Evans, Richard, The Coming of the Third Reich, London, 2004.
Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939, London 2006.
Farmer, Alan, Anti-Semitism and the Holocaust Abingdon, 1998.
Griffin, Roger, (ed.), Fascism, Oxford, 1995.
Grosby, Steven, Nationalism: A Very Short Introduction, London, 2005.
Kershaw, Hitler, London, 2001.
Levi, Carlo, Christ Stopped at Eboli, 1947. London, 1982.
Levi, Primo, Survival in Auschwitz (Se Questo e Un Uomo?) London, 1978.
Mack Smith, Denis. Mussolini, New York, 1982.
Mandela, Nelson, Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography, London, 1995.
Orwell, George, Homage to Catalonia, Harmondsworth, 1981.
Payne, Stanley G., A History of Fascism, 1914-1945, London, 1995.
Pearce, Robert, Fascism and Nazism London, 1997
Preston, Paul, Franco, London, 1995.
Ryan, Nick, Homeland: Into a World of Hate, London, 2003.
Simons, Geoff, Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam, London, 1994.
Simpson, William, Hitler and Germany, Cambridge, 1995.
Stille, Alexander, Benevolence and Betrayal, London, 1992.
Taylor, A.J.P., Origins of the Second World War, London, 1980.
Thurlow, Richard, Fascism, Cambridge, 1999
Timerman, Jacobo, Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number, New York, 1981.
Thomas, Hugh, The Spanish Civil War, Penguin, 4th edition, 2003.

Recommended Articles:
Alessio,Dominic and Meredith, Kristen, “Blackshirts for the Twenty-First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League”, Social Identities. Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture (Winter 2013).
Alessio, Dominic, “The Dragon Is Not Always Red: The Welsh Defence League and Extreme Nationalism in Wales”, National Identity (2015) (Taylor & Francis)
Eatwell, Roger, ‘Explaining Fascism and Ethnic Cleansing: The Three Dimensions of Charisma and the Four Dark Sides of Nationalism’, Political Studies Review, Vol. 4 (2006), pp. 263–278.
Eatwell, Roger, ‘Introduction: New Styles of Dictatorship and Leadership in Interwar Europe’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Vol. 7, No. 2 (June 2006), pp. 127–137.
Eatwell, Roger, ‘The Rebirth of Right-wing Charisma? The Cases of Jean-Marie Le Pen and Vladimir Zhirinovsky’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Winter 2002), pp. 1–23.
Elliott, David, ‘The Battle for Art in the 1930s’, History Today, 45, No.11 (November 1995), pp.14-21.
Fraddasio, Maria, ‘The Fallen Hero: The Myth of Mussolini and Fascist Women in the Italian Social Republic (1943-5)’, Journal of Contemporary History, 31 (1996), pp. 99-124.
Griffin, Roger, ‘The Primacy of Culture: The Current Growth (Or Manufacture) of Consensus within Fascist Studies’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 37, No. 1. (Jan., 2002), pp. 21-43.
Hitchens, Christopher, ‘Of Sin, the Left & Islamic Fascism’, The Nation, 4 September 2001, < http://www.thenation.com/doc/20011008/hitchens20010924 > [Accessed, 11 January 2010].
Jenson, Richard, ‘Futurism and Fascism’, History Today, 45, No.11 (November 1995), pp. 35-41.
Laqueur, Walter, ‘The Origins of Fascism: Islamic Fascism, Islamophobia, Antisemitism’,
OUPblog, < http://blog.oup.com/2006/10/the_origins_of_2/ > [Accessed, 11 January 2010]
Payne, Stanley G., ‘Book Review Article: Historical Fascism and the Radical Right’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 35, No. 1, Special Issue: Shell-Shock. (Jan., 2000), pp. 109-118.
Paxton, Robert, ‘The Five Stages of Fascism’, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 70, No. 1. (Mar., 1998), pp. 1-23.
Roberts, David D., ‘How Not to Think about Fascism and Ideology, Intellectual Antecedents and Historical Meaning’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 35, No. 2. (Apr., 2000), pp. 185-211.
Seton-Watson, Christopher, ‘Fascism in Contemporary Europe’, in S. J. Woolf, (ed.), European Fascism, London, 1968, pp. 337-353.
Seton-Watson, Hugh, ‘Fascism, Right and Left’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 1, No. 1. (1966), pp. 183-197.
Trevor-Roper, H. R., ‘The Phenomenon of Fascism’, in S. J. Woolf, (ed.), European Fascism, London, 1968, pp. 18-38.
Vivarelli, Roberto, ‘Interpretations of the Origins of Fascism’, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 63, No. 1. (Mar., 1991), pp. 29-43.

Additional Useful Resources
• Radicalism and New Media Research Group at the University of Northampton: www.radicalism-new-media.org
• The Weiner Library: www.wienerlibrary.co.uk (One of the best and biggest collections of fascist material anywhere in the world and one which is open to Richmond students who wish to prepare research or seminar papers)
• The Estorick Collection of Modern Italian Art: www.estorickcollection.com

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