Use short paragraph answer the two questions.

1. How does the brain normally distinguish one modality from another? For example, why is light absorbed by the retina experienced as vision while chemicals landing on the tongue are experienced as taste? How is this discrimination altered in people with synesthesia?

2. A mutation in the gene SCN9A prevents people from feeling physical pain. What kind of protein does this gene encode? How is it possible that this non-functional protein can prevent the transmission of pain signals, but not signals for other modalities of sensation?

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