The skeleton and joints

The skeleton and joints
Part I: The skeletal system 55 mins
Part II: Bones 25 mins
Part III: Articulations 30 mins
Part IV: Histology of bone 10 mins
Preliminary work
1. Review (not read or learn every word) Martini, 9th edn, sections:
6.1, 6.2
7.2, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8,
8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
9.2, 9.3, 9.5, 9.6
2. Answer questions: 2, 3, 4 and 7 at the end of this report.
Objectives of the workshop
After completing this workshop you should be able to:
• classify bones as part of the axial or appendicular skeleton
• relate structural characteristics to function
• name and locate many of the bones of the skeleton
• understand some of the naming conventions used for bones.
Equipment
Models of human torso and prepared specimens
Anatomical charts of the body
Articulated skeletons
Individual skeletal bones
Longitudinal sections of long bones
Bones soaked in 10% nitric acid until flexible
Bones heated at 120oC for about two hours

Part II: Bone markings
Examine and name the disarticulated bone specimens on your table.
Examine a typical long bone (from the container of disarticulated bones) for the characteristic surface features which mark the points of attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments. Also look for the position of blood vessels and nerves.
These markings can be classified as projections or processes, which grow out from the bone, and depressions (or cavities), which are indentations or openings in the bones.
6. Projections which provide a site for muscle attachment:
crest: narrow ridge of bone
Example

trochanter: very large and irregularly shaped
Example
Why do you think it is shaped like this? (Hint: think about muscle attachment.)

Tubercle /Tuberosity: a rounded projection or roughened area
Example

Projections that articulate with another bone:
condyle: rounded convex projection
Example

epicondyle: raised area on a condyle
head: extension of bone on a narrow neck
Example

Depressions and openings that serve as passageways for nerves, blood vessels, ligaments or tendons:
fissure: narrow slit-like opening between adjoining bones
foramen: a rounded opening
Example

sulcus: a groove or furrow
Example
Depressions forming a socket for another bone in a joint:
fossa: shallow basin-like depression
Example

Openings within bones:
sinus: cavity within a bone, often air-filled and lined with mucous membrane
Example

Meatus: a canal like pipe (conduit)
Example

Part III: Articulations
Articulations, or joints, are the points of contact between bony surfaces or between cartilage and bone. We will concentrate on freely movable joints (diarthroses/synovial joints). Read the section titled Dense Connective Tissues in Martini & Nath (2012) p. 125.
Use the skeleton and the models of joints provided to complete this section.
Hinge joints: knee
1. Examine the model of the knee joint and identify the following structures:
• Patella and patella tendon
• Femur, tibia and fibula
• Lateral and cruciate ligaments
2. Note the smoothness of the articulating surfaces of this joint and note the structures (menisci) that lie between these surfaces.
3. Flex and extend the joint, noting what happens to the lateral ligaments with each movement.
7. What is the function of the menisci?

8. Why does the knee joint have such a complicated arrangement of ligaments? (Hints: how many bones articulate here? Which joint has the greatest surface area? Which joint bears most weight?)

Hinge joints: elbow
1. Examine the model of the elbow joint and identify the following structures:
Radius, biceps brachii tendon
Ulna, trochlear and radial notches
Humerus
2. Observe the various movements that are possible with this joint and mimic these actions with your own elbow joint.
Ball and socket joints: shoulder
Examine the model of the shoulder joint. Note the sort of movement that can be elicited from the articulation of the humerus and clavicle. Using the skeleton or your partner, investigate how movement of the scapula can influence shoulder movement.
Ball and socket joints: hip
Examine the model of the hip joint. Investigate the range of motion that is possible with this joint and mimic these movements with your own hip joint.

9. Which of the two joints, shoulder or hip, is LESS likely to dislocate? Give reasons for your answer.

Animal joint
Observe a longitudinal section of a fresh animal (beef) joint. Note particularly the synovial cavity, articular cartilage, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, meniscus, compact bone of the diaphysis, spongy bone of the epiphysis and the marrow in the medullary canal.

6. What is the physical purpose of the fluid secreted by the synovial membrane of diarthrotic joints?

7. What is the purpose of articular cartilage?
8. What is the function of red marrow?

The atlas (C1) and axis (C2).

 

 

 

 

 

 
Martini and Nath (2012) p. 221.
2. What is the significance of the C1 and C2?

3. What feature distinguishes thoracic vertebrae from other vertebrae?

Note the presence of the intervertebral disc. These cushion the spinal column and help in the formation of strong and flexible joints between adjacent vertebrae.
Note the four curves of the vertebral column. Two of these (convex curves) are present at birth—thoracic and sacral.

3. At what stage during human development do the cervical and lumbar (concave) curves develop and for what purposes?

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