FACULTY OF SEC -SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES

BSc (Hons) Sport Science (Full & Major Field), Sport Analysis & Coaching; Exercise Nutrition and Health;
LEVEL 4

Unit: Essentials for Sport and Exercise Science Lecturer: Dr. Owen Spendiff

Date set: 20/03/15 Date to be returned: 08/04/2015 by 10am via TurnitinUK

Title of assignment: Data Analysis and Report.
Learning outcomes being assessed: (3, 4, 5 & 6 – see Module Descriptor).

Criteria Max Mark Your Mark Comments
It is expected that for this assignment the student will analyse and evaluate information from a variety of sources such as textbooks and journals to demonstrate understanding and to aid critical review.

Multiple Choice Answers (Section 1) 20

Statistical analysis of data set 1 (Section 2): Hypotheses are offered. EDA is performed for parametric or non-parametric assumptions, the correct inferential treatment is conducted with rationale for the choice of statistical test provided (referenced). 20
Correct construction of Tables/Figures for Section 2 is portrayed in a results section and a brief description of findings is offered. The probability value is presented in text. 10

Statistical analysis of data set 2 (Section 3): Hypotheses are offered. EDA is performed for parametric or non-parametric assumptions and correct tests for difference are chosen and clear rationale for the choice of statistical test is provided (referenced). 25
Correct construction of Tables/Figures for Section 3 is portrayed in a results section and a brief description of findings is offered. The probability value is presented in text. 15

Statistical output is produced (original) and submitted via TurnitinUk in document 2. 10
100%

Data Analysis and Report (40% of overall module grade)

Assignment Brief

For successful completion of this assessment you will have two documents to submit via TurnitinUk.

Document 1: This is worth 90% of the assessment grade. Document 1 is the report, (this document) which you will save as your student ID report as the designated filename (eg. KU123456_LS4007_Report). The report (this document) will comprise your answers to the three sections below.

Document 2: This is worth 10% of the assessment grade. Document 2 will be all of the SPSS output (all in one document) that you produced undertaking this assessment. It is also to be submitted (separately to this report) as evidence of all of your statistical procedures undertaken, again this will be saved under your Kingston student ID (eg. KU123456_LS4007_SPSS_Output).

For this report (Document 1) you have 3 sections to complete for this assessment which comprise:

SECTION 1

Forty Multiple Choice Questions. Follow the guidance provided on the next page.

SECTION 2 & 3

You have to undertake statistical analysis in the remaining two sections. Follow the guidance provided to each section within this document. The 3 data sets are on studyspace for you to download and statistically analyse. All statistical analysis should be performed using SPSS, but at no time should the SPSS output appear in this report. A separate file (Document 2) of all SPSS output will be submitted to a separate TurnitinUK folder and is worth 10% of the assessment.

With the 3 SPSS data packages that you have been provided on studyspace you are to perform what you consider the appropriate Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and then the appropriate Inferential Statistical Tests that will aid you to accept or reject your null hypothesis.

You must also present your findings in tabular and/or graphical format, which cannot be anything produced by SPSS, use Excel.

There is no word count for this assignment.

Remember to consult the SPSS texts to help you choose the correct tests.

SECTION 1

You have forty multiple-choice questions. Please delete the incorrect answers leaving only the correct answer visible. Please note that if more than one answer remains visible for any question then a zero grade is awarded for that question.

1. The type of experimental design most commonly used in sport science research.

a.   Preexperimental
b.   True experimental
c.   Quasi-experimental
d.   Neo-experimental

2. The original philosophers used a ______________perspective; we gain knowledge from thought alone, without reference to the external world.

a.   Empiricist
b.   Externalist
c.   Rationalist
d.   Determinist

3. Which of the three branches of philosophy focuses on knowledge?

a.    Axiology
b.    Epistemology
c.    Metaphysics

4. Research that moves from a limited number of specific observations to general conclusions is termed ____ reasoning

a.   inductive
b.    speculative
c.    deductive
d.    descriptive

5. The traditional reasoning used by many science based researchers today is _____________

a.   Inductive
b.   Holistic
c.   Experiential
d.   Deductive

6. The three ethical theories are:

a.   Virtue, Prudence & Deontology
b.   Deontology, Prudence & Utilitarian
c.   Virtue, Utilitarian & Deontology
d.   Prudence, Virtue & Utilitarian

7. Which of the following statements is correct about confidence intervals?

a.   95% of the mean difference must fall outside zero for there to be a significant difference
b.   95% of the mean difference must fall around zero for there to be a significant difference
c.   Only the lower limit must fall around zero
d.   Only the upper limit must fall around zero

8.   On a positively skewed distribution where does the measure of central tendency fall?
a.   Right
b.   Left
c.   Centre
d.   Perfect distribution

9. The determining factor in the order of authorship of a research publication is that the first author is the person who

a.    develops the idea and plans the research
b.   gathers the data
c.    analyzes and interprets the data
d.    is alphabetically first by surname

10. The accuracy with which a 12-min run estimates maximal oxygen consumption in a group of male high school seniors represents

a.    logical validity
b.    content validity
c.    construct validity
d.    concurrent validity

11. How would you seek to explore your data sample for extreme cases?

a.   t-test
b.   Scatterplot
c.   Boxplot
d.   Kurtosis

12. For a group of normally distributed scores with a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 6, the middle 68% of the scores will be between

a.    30 and 36
b.    18 and 42
c.    24 and 36
d.    12 and 48

13. The standard deviation represents the

a.    error in measurement
b.    spread of scores about the mean
c.    single score that best expresses the group’s performance
d.    error in sampling from the population

14. When a researcher states that a result is statistically significant, this means that

a.    the effect is an especially important one
b.    the scores are not correlated
c.    the result is unlikely to be a chance occurrence
d.   the scores are correlated

15. If the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when there really is a difference, this is an example of a

a.    one-tailed test
b.    two-tailed test
c.    type I error
d.    type II error

16. When an experimenter states that the level of significance is the .05 level, he or she is setting the probability of committing which type of error?

a. type I error
b. type II error

17. A null hypothesis is

a.    nearly always the same as the research hypothesis
b.    a statistical hypothesis that assumes that the participants in two treatment groups were unequal before treatment began
c.    a statistical hypothesis that assumes that there is a difference among the effects of treatments
d.   a statistical hypothesis that assumes that there is no difference among the effects of treatments

18. Which hypothesis is stated in the null form?

a.    There is no difference between the vocabulary scores of average- and high-ability students.
b.    The math achievement scores from School A are significantly higher than the scores from School B.
c.    The perceptual-motor development of first-grade girls is higher than that of first-grade boys.
d.    There is a positive relationship between attitude toward school and achievement scores.

19. A researcher decides to use an alpha of .01 and a power of .80. To determine the needed sample size the researcher must ascertain the expected

a.    beta
b.    stem-and-leaf distribution
c.    effect size
d.    skewness

20. EDA is performed on your data set prior to inferential statistics. What is EDA short for?

a.   Examples of Difference Analysis
b.   Exploratory Descriptive Analysis
c.   Exploring for Differences and Associations
d.   Exploratory Data Analysis

21. Leptokurtic kurtosis represents what?

a.   Flat
b.   Peaked
c.   Negative
d.   Perfect Kurtosis

22. How is a perfect negative correlation expressed?

a.   r = 0
b.   r = 1
c.   r = -1
d.   R2 = 1

23. For a significant difference what must the probability value be represented as?

a.   P>0.05
b.   P<0.005
c.   P<0.5
d.   P<0.05

24. The t test is used to

a.    adjust for initial differences within the groups
b.    estimate the error of prediction
c.    test whether two groups differ significantly
d.    see if the tests are reliable

25. A t-test is the ratio of true variance to error variance.

a. True
b. False

26. The Levene statistic on an independent t-test has to be____________ for equal variances to be assumed.

a.   Greater than 0.05
b.   Less than 0.05
c.   Greater than 1
d.   Less than 1

27. True variance in a t-test calculation is the …

a.   denominator
b.   numerator
c.   neither
d.   both

28. The error variance in a t-test calculation is …

a.   the mean difference of two samples
b.   the confidence intervals
c.   the variation between the means
d.   not a or b or c (none of the above)

29. Effect size and Power are often used as measures for assessing the possibility of a type II error. What is a type II error?

a.   Finding a difference when one does not exist
b.   Finding no difference when one might exist
c.   Incorrect alpha level
d.   Using the wrong statistical test

30. A correlation of .00 between two variables indicates

a.    a perfect positive relationship
b.    independence (no association) between the variables
c.    a perfect negative relationship
d.    a relationship of unknown degree

31. A researcher sought to find out which of two exercises was more effective in building endurance. One group used exercise A, and another group used exercise B. At the end of study, the researcher should compare the two groups’ scores by

a.    a dependent t test
b.    an independent t test
c.    the Spearman rank-difference correlation
d.   multiple regression

32. Standard deviation is ….

a.   The sum of the variances
b.   The variance squared
c.   The area in the normal distribution
d.   The square root of the variance

33. A Mann Whitney test is the non parametric equivalent of ….

a.   One way ANOVA
b.   Independent t-test
c.   Dependent t-test
d.   One sample t-test

34. If ANOVA has found a significant difference among four treatment groups, a follow-up test such as the Scheffé or Tukey is needed to determine

a.    whether the F ratio is significantly different from chance
b.    which of the groups differ significantly from the others
c.    the percentage of variance accounted for by the treatments
d.    whether the t ratio is bigger than the F ratio

35. A researcher wishes to determine whether a treatment group made a significant improvement from the pretest (M = 25) to the posttest (M = 30). The correct statistical test to use to compare the two means is the

a.    dependent t test
b.    Spearman r
c.    Pearson r
d.    Independent t test

36. For a study with two (or more) independent variables, such as type of instruction and sex, and one dependent variable, such as achievement, the most appropriate analysis technique is

a.    t test
b.    Spearman r
c.    factorial ANOVA
d.    simple ANOVA

37. When the purpose of the research is to determine the effects of one independent variable (e.g., four groups) on one dependent variable (e.g., self-concept), the best choice of a statistical analysis is

a.    analysis of variance
b.    multiple t tests
c.    discriminant analysis
d.    MANOVA

38. The non-parametric version of repeated measures ANOVA is the _______ test.

a.    Multiple regression of variance
b.    Friedman
c.   Kolgomorov-Smirnov
d.    Levene

39. Use of a one-tailed versus a two-tailed test of significance of the difference between two sample means depends on

a.    whether there is expected overlap between the error curves of the two sample distributions
b.    whether the difference is expected to be in one direction only
c.   the size of the samples relative to population size
d.    whether the participants were matched or chosen randomly

40. A within-subject repeated measures ANOVA assesses for homogeneity of covariance (sphericity). What is this test called?

a.   Mauchley’s
b.   Geigenhouser
c.   Ronald Fisher
d.   Sealy Gosset

SECTION 2

The first data set on studyspace (CORR DATA) MUST be analysed. You have a choice to which 2 variables within this large data set you choose to relate to each other (e.g. Mass & Cholesterol). Once you have chosen the 2 variables offer a clear rationale for your choice with supporting literature and develop your very own hypothesis

Rationale for the choice of variables:

Hypotheses:
Alternative and null (state them in the present tense)

Statistical Analysis:
Clarify Parametric assumptions and the need to perform EDA on the 2 data sets you have chosen. You need to investigate normality using pictorial assessment and statistical assessment for this. Identify whether the data was normally distributed; this will influence your choice of parametric or nonparametric versions. Have you identified any outliers or extreme cases? Based on this, provide a (referenced) rationale for your choice of inferential statistical tests (Pearson/Spearman Rho).

Results
Place what you consider appropriate for the results section to show evidence of EDA and the results of the inferential statistics. Display your results appropriately using your own Tables or Figures (use excel) to show your finding. Highlight what the r-value equals and whether your findings showed statistical significance. Indeed, highlight what statistical finding you did achieve. Look at previous seminar for LS4007, or Laboratory manual for LS4009 as illustrations and further guidance. Offer some form of description of your results below the Table or Figure and inform the reader of your statistical finding.

NB: Avoid the temptation of data dumping – placing any of the tabular or graphical SPSS output into the results section of this report it is NOT permitted and will be penalised!!!! Place all SPSS Output for section 2 into document 2 and submit document 2 separately.

SECTION 3

This section has a choice from the remaining 2 SPSS data sets on Studyspace. These are either Independent samples or dependent (related) samples.

Choose one of the following:
The Independent data set show results of an experiment where body fat analysis was conducted on people from 3 age groups (16-25; 26-40; 41-55). You are to investigate if there is a difference in body fat between the ages.
Or
The dependent (related) data show results of an experiment in which the experimenter wanted to investigate whether caffeine or beetroot juice could influence maximum oxygen uptake. The experimenter tested his sample on three occasions (in a randomised order), once after ingesting beetroot juice, once after caffeine ingestion and once after ingesting a placebo (baseline measure). You are to investigate if there is a difference in maximum oxygen uptakes values.

Once you have chosen the data set to analyse, please develop your very own hypothesis:

Hypotheses:
Alternative and null (state them in the present tense with no direction)

Statistical Analysis
Perform EDA on the data set you have chosen to illustrate that they have met parametric assumptions. You need to investigate normality using pictorial assessment and statistical assessment for this. Was the data normally distributed, which will influence your choice of parametric or nonparametric versions? Have you identified any outliers or extreme cases? Based on this, provide a (referenced) rationale for your choice of inferential statistical tests (use the decision tree to help you).

Results:
Place what you consider appropriate for the results section to show evidence of EDA and the results of the inferential statistics. Display your results appropriately using Tables or Figures to show your finding. Look at your previous Laboratory manual for further guidance and other sport science journals. Offer some form of description of your results below the Table or Figure and inform the reader of your statistical finding. Highlight whether your finding showed significance. Indeed, highlight what statistical finding you did achieve.

NB: Avoid the temptation of data dumping – placing any of the tabular or graphical SPSS output into the results section of this report it is NOT permitted and will be penalised!!!!!! Place all SPSS Output for section 3 into document 2 and submit document 2 separately.

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