+1 862 207 3288 Question 1:
A Washington Post article reported on a study about alcohol consumption and cancer in
women. Since 1996, a team of British researchers has been gathering detailed information
from 1.28 million aged 50-64. The researchers recorded how much alcohol them women
reported consuming when they volunteered for the study and again three years later. The
researchers then examined whether there was any link with the 68,775 cancers the women
developed over an average of the next seven years. They found that even among women
who consumed as little as 10 grams of alcohol a day on average (the equivalent of about one
drink), the risk of cancer of the breast, liver and rectum was elevated.
a) Is this an experiment? Explain your answer.
b) We would prefer a sample survey to using women who volunteer for a study. What
population does it appear that the researchers were interested in? What variables
did they measure?
Question 2:
What is the best way to answer each of the questions below: an experiment, a sample
survey, or an observational study that is not a sample survey? Explain your choices:
a) Is your school’s basketball team called for fewer fouls in home games than in away
games?
b) Are college students satisfied with the quality of recreational facilities available to
them?
c) Do college students who have access to audio recordings of course lectures perform
better in the course than those who don’t?
Question 3:
The data set below describes the fuel economy (in miles per gallon) of 2011 model motor
vehicles:
a) What are the individuals of the data set?
b) For each individual, what variables are given? Which of these variables take
numerical values?
Make and Vehicle Transmission Number of City mpg Highway
Model Type Type cylinders mpg
BMW 328ci Compact Automatic 18 28
BMW 335ci Compact Manual 19 28
Car
Buick Midsize Car Automatic 17 27
LaCrosse
Chevrolet SUV Automatic 16 23
Question 4:
You wish to study a condition that you have observed: “Some workers seem to be much
more diligent than others.”
a) Propose at least three concepts that you might use in such a study.
b) Give three hypotheses, which could be tested for a study like this.
c) What difficulties or limitations do you think you might face in testing each of the
above hypotheses?
Question 5:
The congressional campaigns are in full swing, and the candidates have hired polling
organizations to take regular polls to find out what the voters think about the issues. What
information should the pollsters be required to give out?
a) What does the standard of informed consent, as discussed in this chapter, require
the pollsters to tell potential respondents?
b) The standards accepted by polling organizations also require giving respondents the
name and address of the organization that carries out the poll. Why do you think
this is required?
c) The polling organization usually has a professional name such as “Samples
Incorporated”, so respondents don’t know that the poll is being paid for by a
political party or candidate. Would revealing the sponsor to respondent bias the
poll? Should the sponsor always be announced whenever poll results are made
public?
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