edicine and Health

Tony is a 47 year old male that works as a brick layer. When he was in his mid-20s, he suffered acute kidney failure due to dehydration that left him with a small degree of nephron damage. During a recent full medical review, Tony’s doctor commented that Tony’s blood pressure had increased. Subsequent pathology tests showed that Tony’s LDL -cholesterol levels had increased, his HDL cholesterol levels had decreased and that his kidney function had deteriorated. As a result, Tony’s doctor diagnosed him with Stage 3 chronic kidney disease.

a. How does dehydration affect kidney function? In your response, include an explanation of how dehydration can result in acute kidney injury and permanent nephron damage.
Dehydration affects kidney function as a decreased amount of water excreted by the kidneys causes urine to become more concentrated, and there is not enough fluid present to allow substances to dissolve properly.
b. Why did Tony’s doctor examine Tony’s cholesterol level and blood pressure when diagnosing him with chronic kidney disease? Explain the physiological relationships between hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension and chronic kidney disease.

c. In addition to his altered blood lipid profile and raised blood pressure, what other signs and symptoms could Tony have that would indicate chronic kidney disease? Outline at least three signs and three symptoms and make sure that you clearly identify which are signs and which are symptoms.

d. If Tony’s condition continues to worsen, how would his chronic kidney disease affect his integumentary and immune systems? Include an explanation of the physiological mechanisms responsible for these factors in your response.

e. Tony’s doctor recommended that he decrease his protein intake and monitor his salt intake. He was also prescribed ACE inhibitors. Briefly explain how each of these intervention strategies could assist with the maintenance of Tony’s chronic kidney disease