+1 862 207 3288 the “failure” of systematic introspection
Instructions: There are 50 multiple choice items on the exam, 2 short answer questions,
Please post only your answers. (For example:
1. E
2. J
3. working memory
4. short answer
The exam is of course open book. Good luck!
Multiple Choice Questions (worth 1 point each):
1) Among the most important forces accounting for a cognitive neuroscience revolution during the years following the late 1950s was:
A) the increase in medical schools
B) the “failure” of systematic introspection
C) the rise of structuralism
D) the “failure” of behaviorism
E) the decrease in psychology graduate school applications
2) According to Neisser, cognition refers to:
A) “all processes within the human brain”
B) “all sensory processes”
C) “all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used…”
D) “every process that affects thought, and pain sensations in our bodies”
E) “all processes related to problem solving”
3) In E. C. Tolman’s (1932) experiments with rats and maze learning, he found that what rats learn is:
A) how to better smell cheese
B) how to please the researcher
C) a series of S-R connections
D) similar to behaviors in the wild
E) an internal “cognitive map,” which was, in effect, the way information about their environment was represented
4) The specialty within computer science that aims at simulating human cognitive processes is called:
A) artificial intelligence
B) cognitive development
C) behavior simulation
D) computer imagery
E) robotics
5) Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) is based on:
A) problem solving
B) chess
C) weather patterns
D) computer functioning
E) neural functioning
6) The late nineteenth century psychologist who emphasized both structure and processes in his view of memory and also established the first psychological laboratory in America was:
A) Hermann Ebbinghaus
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) F. C. Donders
D) J. M. Cattell
E) William James
7) Why did some people consider behaviorism a “failure”?
A) It overemphasized the importance of personality.
B) It ignored psychologically relevant topics like memory and attention.
C) It overemphasized the importance of emotion as governing behavior.
D) It ignored psychologically relevant topics like mob behavior.
E) It underemphasized the importance of genetics.
8) Evolutionary cognitive psychology draws on:
A) psychometrics and evolutionary psychology
B) social psychology and biological psychology
C) social psychology and statistics
D) evolutionary psychology and biological psychology
E) ethology and anthropology
9) While observational studies help you DESCRIBE a phenomena, which of the following help you EXPLAIN a phenomena
A) Post hoc
B) Correlation
C) Experiment
D)None of the above
10) The fatty substance surrounding large axons is called:
A) axons
B) synapses
C) terminal buttons
D) the ranvier sheath
E) the myelin sheath
11) By studying the behavior of rats, Karl Lashley discovered that learning was:
A) a function of the number of times a rat ran down a maze and the magnitude of the reward
B) highly dependent on emotions
C) confined to only a few, well-defined neurons
D) independent of the quality of the reward
E) not confined to specific neurons
12) An axon is:
A) sometimes wrapped in a myelin sheath
B) a carrier of neural signals
C) a long tubular transmitting pathway
X part of a neuron
D) all of the above
13) The corpus callosum:
A) is a massive bundle of nerves
B) if cut, “traps” information on either side of the hemispheres
C) connects the right and left hemispheres
D) is sometimes cut to reduce the symptoms of epilepsy
E) all of the above
14) The central nervous system (CNS) consists of:
A) the cerebellum and the brain stem
B) the cerebellum and Broca’s Area
C) the corpus callosum and the brain stem
D) the brain and eyes
E) the spinal cord and brain
15) The basic building blocks of the central nervous system (CNS) are:
A) neurons
B) electrons
C) protons
D) phonemes
E) neutrons
16) When we say that “information is processed in the brain contralaterally” we mean that:
A) one hemisphere processes one type of information; the other, another type of information
B) sensory information from one side of the body is initially processed by the opposite cerebral hemisphere
C) left-handed people process sensory information in the opposite cerebral hemisphere that right-handed people do
D) sensory information is processed in one hemisphere, and motor information is processed in the other hemisphere
E) all of the above
17) The motor side of the left hemisphere controls:
A) movements below the waist
B) movements on the left side of the body
C) movements for the entire body
D) hand and arm movements on the right side and leg and feet movements on the left side of the body
E) movements on the right side of the body
18) The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for:
A) spatial processing
B) tactile recognition
C) music and nonverbal memory
D) face processing
E) language and verbal processing
19) At the synapse neurotransmission is achieved by means of:
A) electrical signals which arc across the synapse
B) a chemical neurotransmitter which changes the polarity of the receiving dendrite
C) a partial reduction of the carbon 12 between neurons
D) a direct physical link between neurons
E) a change in the organic composition of the axon
20) The pituitary gland is:
A) the master gland of the endocrine system
B) coordinates muscle movement
C) relays information between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum
D) regulates temperature
E) controls thinking and sensing
21) The fact that Sharon is able to hear her son call her, over all the other playground noises, illustrates the psychological concept of:
A) synesthesia
B) selective attention
C) hypermnesia
D) “mother hearing”
E) subliminal perception
22) Automaticity refers to:
a. focusing conscious attention on new and demanding tasks
b. subconscious processing of information that is not important
c. fast effortless processing that does not require focused attention
d. slow, effortful processing that requires focused attention
e. none of the above
23) “Perceptual span” refers to:
a. length of a perceptual stimulus
b. how far into the distance we are able to perceive objects
c. how much information can be perceived in a brief exposure
d. visual angle
e. all of the above
24) The stages of information processing are:
A) overt activity ? internal processes ? external phenomena
B) external phenomena ? internal processes ? overt activity
C) input ? output
D) output ? input
25) In Treisman’s attenuation model, the selective filter is in effect, a(n):
A) amplifier for high frequency sounds
B) volume control making the stimulus louder
C) total silencer
D) volume control making the stimulus softer
E) useless concept
26) Iconic storage:
A) is defined as memory for objects
B) is dependent on higher-order processes
C) showed that the “whole-report” procedure revealed a larger capacity than the “partial-report” procedure
D) is defined as the extended storage of visual information for further processing
E) is defined as the brief availability of visual impressions for further processing
27) The term perception refers to .
A) detection of particles
B) higher-order cognitive processing
C) seeing light rays
D) thinking in terms of puzzles
E) visualizing images
28) The sensory store associated with sound is called:
A) acoustic storage
B) auditory memory
C) echoic storage
D) iconic storage
E) auditory impressions
29) In the Muller-Lyer illusion:
A) faces appear warped
B) water appears to flow uphill
C) two parallel lines appear to converge
D) lines of equal length appear unequal
E) a triangle appears to be distorted
30) According to Posner and Snyder, the three characteristics of automatic processing are:
A) that it occurs without intention, concealed from consciousness, and without consuming conscious resources
B) automatic, redundant, and occurs without the conscious effort of the person
C) fast, accurate and easy to process
D) subliminal, unconscious, and cerebral
E) brought about by the bottleneck, occurs in complex motor reactions, and is related to human survival
31) Geon theory was developed by:
A) Palmer
B) Posner
C) Wertheimer
D) Yarbus
E) Biederman
32) Implicit memory is :
A) brief
B)similar to iconic storage
C)a metaphor
D)nonconscious activation
E) none of the above
33) In the first part of Posner, Goldsmith, and Welton’s classic experiment on prototype abstraction, research participants saw:
A) the prototype
B) classical scenes broken down into basic shapes and forms
C) distortions of prototypes
D) coffee cups
E) a large display with 27 dots in no particular order
34) Pattern recognition involves a complex interaction between:
A) sensation and emotions
B) Gestalt psychology and cognitive psychology
C) iconic and echoic storage systems
D) sensation and knowledge stored in memory
E) sensation and perception
35) Recognition of a visual pattern by matching sensory stimuli to an internal construct would be an example of:
A) template matching
B) featural similarity
C) 3-D matching
D) bottom-up processing
E) top-down processing
36) Semantic priming is:
A) an underused methodology
B) utilizes explicit memory
C) is a method of determining words research participants know, but do not know they them
D) commonly used with supraliminal stimuli
E) based on activation of one word increases the acceptability of second word
37) One major weakness in template matching theory is that it requires of templates to be found in order to recognize each geometric form we see and recognize.
A) countless thousands
B) scores
C) countless millions
D) hundreds
E) several hundreds
38) The technique in which a stimulus is briefly presented and then, after a delay, a second stimulus is presented and a research participant is asked to make some judgment is known as:
A) priming
B) partial-report
C) short-term retrieval
D) speed recognition
E) hinting
39) It is clear that the perception of objects is greatly influenced by the research participant’s:
A) expectation as determined by context
B) learning abilities
C) expectation of a “pay-off”
D) personality
E) intelligence
40) Which of the major theories involves memory and learning?
A) Unconstructive perception
B) Direct perception
C) Indirect perception
D)Constructive perception
41) Ebbinghaus in particular studied:
A) learning and memory for serially ordered items
B) effects of list length on learning time
C) effects of practice on learning
D) forgetting
E) all of the above
42) Research on eyewitness memory has demonstrated that:
A) Memory for crime events is like rewinding a movie—you “see” what happened over again
B) Memory is accurate
C) Memory is reconstructive
D) Memory for crime events is similar to a flashbulb memory
E) Memory is constructive
43) Photographic memory is more technically called:
A) Kodak memory
B) Iconic imagery
C) Flash memory
D) Eidetic imagery
E) Flash imagery
44) If you were remembering a shopping list by imagining a hamburger in a tree, you would probably be using the:
A) the word-rhyme technique
B) organization by acronym system
C) peg-word system
D) method of Loci
E) key word method
45) Incorporated in the definition of mnemonics is:
A) coding
B) storage
C) remembering
D) familiar associations
E) all of the above
46) Which of the following is a characteristic of experts, as defined by Glaser and Chi (1988)?
A) They individual pieces over the pattern
B) They process information at a superficial level
C) They are fast
D) They do not use STM effectively
E) They are slow
47) Which mnemonic system works best?
A) mediation
B) story mnemonic
C) imagery
D) method of loci
E) it is dependent on the type of material to be learned
48) The case of V.P. is particularly interesting to cognitive psychologists because:
A) he was able to employ a mnemonic based strictly on imagery
B) his abilities diminished significantly after the age of 40
C) he was later hit in the head with a cleaver and lost his abilities
D) he was able to recall a street map of Los Angeles
E) he was systematically examined by a team of contemporary cognitive psychologists
49) The number of cases of extraordinary memory is:
A) overwhelmingly frequent in the psychological literature
B) few and only superficial generalizations can be made
C) frequent enough to draw some valid generalizations
D) extensive, but few have been scientifically studied
E) extremely rare with only two or three cases known
50) When colors have sounds and words have taste, one may experiencing:
A) poor mnemonic
B) hallucinations
C) amnesiac break
D) synesthesia
E) synthesis
ESSAY QUESTIONS (Choose 2/5 questions to answer: each is worth 5 points each):
51. Compare and contrast both echoic storage and iconic storage (include the notion of capacities).
52. Cognitive psychology draws freely from 12 principle areas within .
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