Methods and Results

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Instructions for Paper II: Methods and Results (Study One) (worth 35 points)
1. Title Page: I expect the following format (5 points):
a. Your Title should midway up the page, with your name (First name, middle initial if wanted, then Last) and the name of your institution (FIU) beneath the title.
b. You must have a header and page numbers on each page. The header should be a short title no more than 50 characters long (for example: INTELLIGENCE AND PRIMACY; THE PRIMACY EFFECT IN ACTION; etc.).
i. If you don’t know how to insert headers, then ask your lab instructor. The header goes at the top of the paper and it is left justified. The R in Running head is capitalized but the h is lower case, followed by a colon and the shortened title (in ALL CAPS). This short running head title can be the same one as the rest of your paper or it can differ – the choice is yours, but it should be no more than 50 characters including spaces and punctuation
ii. See my “Title” page above as an example. Or, just use the same title page from your Paper I: Mini-Literature Review!
iii. You can also refer to Chapter 14 in your textbook
c. This Title Page section will be one (1) page
2. Abstract, Graphs, and Tables? These are optional
a. You DO NOT need an abstract for Paper II: Methods & Results (Study One), and you DO NOT need a table or figure. You can choose to include them if you want, but they will not be graded. Check with your lab instructor to see if they prefer to see abstracts and tables. It might give you good practice on learning how to do them if you include them, though!
3. Methods Section: I expect the following format (15 points):
a. For this paper, the methods section comes right after the title page.
b. Write Method at the front of this section, make it bold, and center it.
c. The participants section comes next. The word Participants is bolded and left justified. In this section …
i. Tell me who your participants were (college students, family members, friends?) and how many there were. If the number starts a sentence, then spell out the number. “Two-hundred and five participants …”. If it is mid-sentence, then you can use numerals. “There were 205 participants in this study.”
ii. Provide frequencies and descriptive statistics for the most relevant demographic characteristics.
1. For some variables, like ethnicity and gender, you only need to provide frequency information (the number of participants who fit that category). “There were 100 men (49%) and 105 women (51%) in the study.” Or “The sample was 49% male (N = 100) and 51% female (N = 105).”
2. Other variables, like age, are continuous variables (rather than categorical), so use descriptive statistics here (the range, mean, and the standard deviation). “Participants ranged from 18 to 77 (M = 24, SD = 3.50).” or “The average age of participants was 24 (SD = 3.50).” Your TA can help you find the mean and standard deviation for this assignment, though information is also available in the lab powerpoint.
d. Materials and Procedure
i. For this section, things are very flexible. Some studies include the Materials and Procedure in the same section while others break them up into two sections (preferred)
1. This is a matter of choice. For me, the more complex the design, the better it is to split them up. In one section I will describe what the materials are; in the next I describe what participants did with those materials (the procedure)
2. However, your “Paper II: Methods & Results (Study One)” is simple enough that I recommend combining them into one overall Materials and Procedure section.
ii. Again, the words Materials and Procedure are flush left. In this section …
1. Provide information about your materials and your procedure.
a. I suggest starting with the materials. Tell your reader what materials you used (surveys) and what was in the materials
i. Be specific here. For your independent variables, describe them in enough detail so that someone who has never heard of FIU or this class could still follow what you did and how you did it. How did you manipulate the variable?
ii. For dependent variables, provide enough detail so I know exactly what questions you asked. For example, “Participants provided their gender, age, and race”. For other dependent variables, tell me how the responses were recorded (yes/no, true/false, a scale of 1 to 10, etc.) If you used a scale, note the endpoints. That is, does a 1 mean it is high or is it low? “Participants were asked, ‘How frustrating was this task?’, and they responded on a scale from 1 (not at all frustrating) to 10 (very frustrating).’”
b. Once you provide the materials, you can talk about the procedure. Tell me how you recruited participants, how they were assigned to conditions, what they did first in the study, what they did second, etc.
i. Since you already told me what the materials were, your procedure can be streamlined (that is, don’t repeat what you already said). “After consenting, participants completed the demographics portion of the survey. They then read instructions about the anagram task …” No need to go back into detail about what demographic information you collected, since you already told me that!
e. There is no set minimum or maximum on the length of the methods section, but I would expect at least a page (or more, since your own researcher instructions took up several pages and you should provide a similar level of depth and detail in your methods section!). Missing important aspects of your IVs and DVs or presenting them in a confused manner will lower your score in this section.
f. Remember, make sure that another researcher can replicate your study based on your methods section. If they can’t, then you may not have enough detail!
4. Results Section: I expect the following format (10 points):
a. The results are the hardest part of this paper, and you instructors will help you with this first paper. Pay close attention to your lab instructor. Below are some good hints, too!
b. First, write Results at the top of this section and center it boldface. This section comes directly at the end of the methods section, so the results section DOES NOT start on its own page.
c. For this assignment, include statistics about the most important variables in your study (TIME – FITD, DITF, CONTROL). Note that some instructors may only have you collect the FITD and DITF conditions, while others may not do this specific effect study at all. The results, however, should follow the same guidelines.
d. For this paper, you must run two different analyses (that is, focus on two different dependent variables). You might use ANOVAs for both, t-Tests for both, or an ANOVA for one and a t-Test for the other (Note that I strongly recommend an ANOVA for both the scaled “willingness” and scaled “willingness 30 minute” DVs). You could also use a chi square on the willing Yes/No DV.
i. For those of you doing the three levels to this independent variable, the most appropriate test will be a one-way ANOVA. Your lab instructor will show you how to conduct this test, but there are some guidelines I want to give about how to write your results. Below, I am going to walk you through one type of analysis specific to this paper, but keep in mind that this is for your information only and you may run other types of tests.
1. First, there are several dependent variables to choose from. You may analyze many of them or concentrate on just one or two. For my example analysis in this section, I want to focus on the first “willingness to participate” dependent variable, which ranges from 1 (not at all willing) to 9 (very willing).
2. Second, given this study has one IV with three levels and one DV that is on a continuous scale, the one-way ANOVA is the best test to use to see if there are significant differences among the levels. We look first at the ANOVA table (or F table) and focus on the between subject factor. We note the degrees of freedom, the F value itself, and the p value.
3. If the p value is significant (less than .05), we have one more step to take. Since this is a three level IV, we need to compare mean A to mean B, mean A to mean C, and mean B to mean C. We do this using a post hoc test (try using Tukey!). That will tell us which of the means differ significantly. You then write up the results …
a. “Using time as our independent variable (FITD v. DITF v. Control) and willingness as our dependent variable, we found a significant main effect for time, F(2, 203) = 4.32, p < .05. Follow-up Tukey post hoc tests showed that participants were more willing to participate in the FITD condition (M = 4.56, SD = 1.21) than the DITF condition (M = 3.24, SD = 0.89) or the control condition (M = 1.23, SD = 0.77). Those in the control condition were also more willing to participate than those in the DITF condition.”
b. Pretty simple, right! Go back and do this same procedure for at least one additional dependent variables (I recommend your “willingness 30 minutes” dependent variable, which really gets at the heart of your study hypotheses)
ii. For those of you doing only two levels of the IV (FITD v. DITF), things are even more simple
1. Here, you will run a t-Test (a t-Test looks at differences between only two groups). Again, your lab instructor will tell you how to run this, but you can do it on your own as well (you can even run this if you did three levels to the IV – just select cases and only look at two of the groups!)
2. Rather than an F value, we will look at the t value in the t-Test data output. Here, we have one number for the degree of freedom, we have the t value, and we have the p value.
3. The nice thing about a t-Test is that since you only have two groups, you do not need a post hoc test (you only need that if you have to compare three means. Here, we only have two means, so we can just look at them and see which one is higher and which is lower if our t-Test is significant). Then just write it up …
a. “Using time as our independent variable (FITD vs. DITF) and willingness to participate ratings as our dependent variable, we found a significant main effect for time, t(203) = 3.42, p < .05. Participants were more willing to participate in the FITD condition (M = 4.56, SD = 1.21) than the DITF condition (M = 3.24, SD = 0.89).
b. And then repeat for other dependent variables (like willingness 30 minutes)
e. There is no page minimum of maximum for the results section, though I would expect it to be at least a paragraph or two for each dependent variable
5. Overall writing quality (5 points)
a. Make sure you check your paper for proper spelling and grammar. The FIU writing center is available if you want someone to look over your paper (an extra eye is always good!) and give you advice. I highly recommend them, as writing quality will become even more important on future papers. I also recommend visiting the FIU Research Methods Help Center if you need additional guidance with writing or statistical analyses. Also, remember to upload this paper through the Pearson writer before uploading to blackboard!

Other Guidelines for Paper II – Methods and Results (Study One)

? 1). Page size is 8 1/2 X 11” with all 4 margins should be one inch. You must use a 12-point font in Times New Roman.
? 2). PLEASE use a spell checker and Pearson Writer to avoid unnecessary errors. Proofread everything you write. I actually recommend reading some sentences aloud to see if they flow well, or getting family or friends to read your work.

Method
Participants
Three hundred and sixty two participants from Southeastern U.S.A participated in the experimental study. Two hundred and eighteen participants were female (60.2%) and a hundred and forty four were male (39.8%). They ranged in age from 14 to 65, with a mean of age of 25 (SD=8.32). This includes 75 Caucasian participants (20.7%), 210 Hispanic participants (58.0%), 5 Native American participants (1.4%), 57 African American participants (15.7%), 8 Asian American participants (2.2%), 7 participants were from other ethnicities (1.9%).
Materials and Procedure

Results
We ran a One-Way ANOVA with Time as our IV and Oral Willingness One Scale to participate in the first study as our DV. The ANOVA was significant, F(2, 357) = 39.43, p < .001. In order to investigate differences in the means, we ran a Tukey LSD post hoc test. This showed that participants were more willing to participate in the FITD condition (M = 7.34, SD = 2.03) than either the DITF condition (M = 4.56, SD =2.85) or Control condition (M = 5.42, SD = 2.53). The Control group was also more willing to participate than the DITF group.
We also ran an independent samples t-Test with Time as our independent variable and Study One Willingness One Scale as our dependent variable. The test was significant, t(239) = 8.74, p < .001. Participants were more willing to do the study in the FITD condition (M = 7.34, SD = 2.03) than in the DITF condition (M = 4.56, SD = 2.85).

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