The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway

Paper instructions:

Include a citation for every piece of information that is not common knowledge. Also include a citation every time

you quote or closely paraphrase an author’s words.

The in-text citation goes at the end of the sentence containing the source information. The citation belongs in

parentheses. Provide only the author’s last name and the page number or numbers. Do not put a comma

between the author’s name and the page number. Books and magazine articles use the same author-page form:

(Curry 19)

If the author’s name is not known, your citation should give the title of the work and the page number. Put the title

of an article in quotation marks:

(“Free or Not, They Made a Contribution” 22)

For entries in encyclopedias or dictionaries, you do not have to give the page number because those reference

books list entries in alphabetical order. Give the title of the entry. For example, if you cite the “Douglass,

Frederick” entry in Encyclopaedia Britannica, write the in-text citation as follows: (“Douglass, Frederick”)

For websites, simply give the author’s name without the page number. If a website does not give the author’s

name, cite the title of the site. Use italics if you are citing an entire website and quotation marks if you are citing a

specific article or page within a website:

(Curry)

(Africans in America) (“People and Events”)

In-text citations may sound complicated, but they are actually simple. The rules boil down to one general principle:

Give the author’s name and the page number, if possible. If the author’s name is not available, give the title.

The Works Cited Page

The Works Cited list should begin on a separate page after the last page of your text. It includes all the works you

actually cited. If you read and took notes on a source but did not cite it in your paper, do not include it on your

Works Cited page.

On the Works Cited page, present all the entries in a single alphabetized list regardless of type. Books, articles,

websites, and other types of sources all go on the same list. Entries that begin with the author’s name and entries

that begin with the title are all alphabetized together.

If a citation contains more than one line, indent all lines after the first one.

Book

A citation for a book includes the following information, in this order, with this punctuation:

Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. Title of Book. City: Publisher, Publication Year. Publication

Medium.

Curry, Leonard P. The Free Black in Urban America, 1800–1850. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1981. Print.

Article A citation for an article includes the following information, in this order, with this punctuation:

Author’s Last Name, Author’s First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Periodical Day Month Year: Pages.

ENG303B/304B: American Literature | Unit 4 | Lesson 2: Using Citations Properly

Copying or distributing without K12’s written consent is prohibited.

Publication Medium.

Barstow, Emma. “How Free Blacks Lived.” American Past 6 July 2008: 32–35. Print.

Note: There is no punctuation after the name of the periodical.

Encyclopedia

A citation for an entry in an encyclopedia or dictionary includes the following information, in this order, with this

punctuation:

Author’s Last and First Name (if available). “Title of Article.” Name of Reference Work. Edition. Publication

Year. Publication Medium.

“Slavery.” The Columbia Encyclopedia. 5th ed. 1993. Print.

Website

A citation for a website includes the following information in this order, with this punctuation:

Author’s Last and First Name. “Title of Page.” Name of Entire Website. Publisher or Sponsor Information,

Day Month Year of creation or most recent update of website. Publication Medium. Day Month

Year you accessed the website. <URL>.

Tyson, Peter. “Living at Extremes.” NOVA Online Adventure: Into the Abyss. WGBH Educational

Foundation, 2000. Web. 15 Jan. 2007. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/abyss/life/extremes.html>.

At times, not all information is available for a website. For example, the name of the author of an article or Web

page may be missing. In such cases, you omit that part of the citation.

Note: The publisher or sponsor information for a website is followed by a comma, not a period. In addition, it is

not necessary to give the URL for a website. Include the URL only if it would be difficult to find the site again

without it.

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