Evaluating a social marketing campaign for enhancing mothers initiation to HPV vaccination Reference

Cates, J. R., Shafer, A., Diehl, S. J., & Deal, A. M. (2011). Evaluating a County-Sponsored Social Marketing Campaign to Increase Mothers’ Initiation of HPV Vaccine for their Pre- teen Daughters in a Primarily Rural Area. Social Marketing Quarterly, 17, 4–26. doi:10.1080/15245004.2010.546943 The goal of the study was evaluating a social marketing campaign with an aim of increasing the mother’s initiation to human papillomavirus vaccination for their daughters and other women in the reproductive age(Cates, Shafer, Diehl, & Deal, 2011). Cervical cancer has been a major problem for girls and mothers’ resulting from HPV and in regards to this, the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine has been developed to provide new opportunities in the fight against the disease (Cates, Shafer, Diehl, & Deal, 2011). However, despite its development, the acceptability and uptake at the community level has been very low. Routine vaccination against the human papillomavirus, the leading cause of cervical cancer is recommended for girls 10-12 years of age. Evaluating a social marketing campaign, which is the purpose of the study, is quite relevant in determining measures to undertake in enhancing HPV vaccine adoption (Cates, Shafer, Diehl, & Deal, 2011). The study took three months allowing enough time to collect and analyze information about mothers of girls between the age of 11 and 12 years as well as healthcare practitioners serving these pre-teens being the main target groups. The principles of social marketing used in the study were relevant and they included the principle of product that was the type of vaccine recommended, the price to include the perception of efficacy, cost and safety and place principle that is whether the vaccine was readily available. The study analyzed cross-sectional surveys of health care providers and mothers as well as human papillomavirus immunization rates in non-intervention versus intervention countries. From the study results, 82 percent of the respondents were aware of ongoing HPV vaccination campaigns and 94 percent of the countries used brochures to reach out these mothers. Within six months of the campaign, the rate of HPV vaccination rose by 2 percent in comparison to countries where there was no intervention undertaken. Therefore, the study provided evidence on the importance of using a social marketing campaign in increasing HPV vaccination adoption. Article 2: HPV vaccination and parental health beliefs Reference

Reiter, P. L., et al. (2009). Parents’ health beliefs and HPV vaccination of their adolescent daughters. Social Science & Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.024

Cervical cancer is an extremely preventable condition yet it remains one of the most troublesome and prevalent conditions. The disease is caused by persistent human papillomavirus infection. In this regards, the study was conducted with an aim of examining correlations of vaccination initiation by identifying modifiable correlations of HPV vaccination initiation among the adolescent girls in the community. The study also identified whether these correlates varied by the status group or race. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 889 respondents of the adolescent girls that were aged between 10 to 18 years in areas of higher cervical rate incidence. Information collected was analyzed with the use of logistic regression. From the study results, constructs of the health belief model were associated with the initiation of vaccination as well as the physician recommendations to get vaccinated, perceived potential harms and barriers of obtaining the vaccination. The study also identified that same parent beliefs were essential in correlating HPV vaccination initiation regardless of their status or racial group. These, beliefs provide well-defined targets for future interventions to be implemented in increasing HPV adoption and coverage in the communities (Reiter et al., 2009). Article 3: Understanding reasons for adopting or not receiving HPV vaccination Reference Watson-Jones, D., Baisley, K., Ponsiano, R., Lemme, F., Remes, P., Ross, D., Hayes, R. (2012). Human papillomavirus vaccination in tanzanian schoolgirls: Cluster-randomized There are a number of factors that influence human papillomavirus vaccination adoption. In regards to differences in uptake of the HPV vaccines, the study objective was determining reasons affecting the uptake of the vaccination. The study examined the characteristics of the non-receivers and receivers in an effort of identifying reasons for adopting either of the choices. A case-control study among the receivers and non-receivers was conducted within in a cluster randomized trial in 134 primary schools. This was important in ensuring the accuracy of the results and preventing any bias occurrence. The target group for the study was girls who had failed to receive the vaccination and those whose had been vaccinated together with their parents and guardians in both cases with one group being the control group. The target group was relevant to the research study, and both groups were enrolled to take part in the study in a ratio of 1:1. They were interviewed about cervical cancer, HPV knowledge and reasons as to why they never or received the vaccination. The conditional logistic method of regression was used in determining factors that were independently associated with not being immunized. From the study results, adult factors that were associated with non-compliance included old age, poverty, lack of education in regards to cervical cancer, HPV, and not knowing anyone suffering from cancer. Pupil factors associated with non-adoption included inadequate knowledge, non-positive opinion about vaccination and illiteracy. The reasons for refusing HPV vaccination included concerns about the associated side effects of the vaccine and infertility concerns. However, the respondents reported that they would accept vaccination if they had the relevant knowledge that HPV vaccination was beneficial. It was clear that sensitization messages are critical in enhancing vaccination acceptance from the study (Watson-Jones et al., 2012).

Reference Cates, J. R., Shafer, A., Diehl, S. J., & Deal, A. M. (2011). Evaluating a County-Sponsored Social Marketing Campaign to Increase Mothers’ Initiation of HPV Vaccine for their Pre- teen Daughters in a Primarily Rural Area. Social Marketing Quarterly, 17, 4–26. doi:10.1080/15245004.2010.546943 Reiter, P. L., et al. (2009). Parents’ health beliefs and HPV vaccination of their adolescent daughters. Social Science & Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.024 Watson-Jones, D., Baisley, K., Ponsiano, R., Lemme, F., Remes, P., Ross, D., Hayes, R. (2012). Human papillomavirus vaccination in tanzanian schoolgirls: Cluster-randomized trial comparing 2 vaccine-delivery strategies. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 206, 678–686. doi:10.1093/infdis/jis407