program development and director

Below are the two articles to read in order the answer the below questions please answer all questions and be careful with grammar and spelling.
Apply the three key principles of the Belmont Report to the case of Henrietta Lacks. Explain how the principles were violated in this case.
What are some of the moral/ethical issues associated with harvesting Henrietta’s cells?
Define informed consent and explain why it is important to document the process. How might this process be different if the participants have a 5th grade education vs. a college degree?

The Belmont Report l HHS.gov Page I of 1;
H U.S. Department of Heaith 8: Human Services
The Belmont Report
Office of the Secretary
Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human
Subjects of Research
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects
of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
April 18, 1979

AGENCY: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

ACTION: Notice of Report for Pubiic Comment.

SUMMARY: On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93~348) was signed into law,
there-by creating the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical
and Behavioral Research. One of the charges to the Commission was to identify the basic ethical
principies that should underlie the conduct of biomedicai and behaviorai research involving human
subjects and to develop guidelines which should be foilowed to assure that such research is
conducted in accordance with those principles. in carrying out the above, the Commission was
directed to consider: (i) the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and the
accepted and routine practice of medicine, (ii) the roie of assessment of risk~benefit criteria in
the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects, (iii) appropriate
guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in such research and (iv) the
nature and definition of informed consent in various research settings.
The Belmont Report attempts to summarize the basic ethical principles identified by the
Commission in the course of its deiiberations. It is the outgrowth of an intensive four-day period
of discussions that were held in February 1976 at the Smithsonian Institution’s Beimont
Conference Center supplemented by the monthiy deliberations of the Commission that were heid
over a period of neariy four years. It is a statement of basic ethical principies and guideiines that
shouid assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround the conduct of research with human
subjects. By publishing the Report in the Federal Register, and providing reprints upon request,
the Secretary intends that it may be made readily available to scientists, members of Institutional
Review Boards, and Federal employees. The two-voIume Appendix, containing the lengthy reports
of experts and specialists who assisted the Commission in fulfilling this part of its charge, is
available as DHEW Pubiication No. (05) 78~0013 and No. (05) 78-0014, for sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

http://www.hhs. gov/ohrp/humansubj ects/guiciancd belmo11t.himl 5/29/2014

Henrietta Lacks: her cells – and ethical issues – live on [ Johns Hopkins Magazine Page 1 o
it
Immortal Cells, Enduring
illustration by David Plunkert

A young tab assistant attended an autopsy at the Johns Hopkins Hospitat
morgue on October 4, 1951. The assistant was Mary Kubicek. The
autopsy was of a woman who had died at 31 from the rnetastasized
cervical cancer that had so ravaged her there was scarcely an organ in
her body not riddled with malignancies. Kubicek had never seen a corpse
before and tried to avert her gaze from the face to the hands and feet.
That’s when she was startled by the deceased womarfs chipped red
toenail polish. Kubicek later told writer Rebecca Skioot, ‘‘When I saw those
toenaiis, I nearly fainted. I thought, ‘Oh ieez, she’s a real person.”

The reai person was Henrietta Lacks. Much of the American public knows
at least the outline of her story since publication of Sl<loot’s best-selling
book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks. When Lacks came to Hopkins
for treatment of her cancer, a surgeon sliced away small samples of the
matignancy and Lacks‘ healthy cervical tissue for George Gey, the director
of tissue culture research at Hopkins. By 1951, Gay was nearly 30 years
into a quest to culture “immortal” cell lines: human cells that would
reproduce endlessiy in test tubes to provide a steady suppiy of cells for
medical research. Gey had experienced littie but failure when a Hopkins
resident dropped off the pieces of i~tenrietta’s tissue. Soon after the
rnatignant cells, labeled “He-La,” were placed in culture medium by
Kubicek, who was Gey‘s lab assistant, they began to reproduce, doubling
within 24 hours. They have never stopped. They now live by the
uncountable trillions in taboratories and the inventories of biologics
companies throughout the world, stiil robust after 80 years and perfect for
ali sorts of research. The l-teLa cell line has been the foundation of a
remarkable number of medica! advances, including the polio vaccine, the
cancer drug tamoxifen, chemotherapy, gene mapping, in vitro fertilization,
and treatments for influenza, leukemia, and Parkinson’s disease.

http://n1agazinc.j hu.edu/ 20 1 0/06/immortal-cells-enduring-issues/ 5/29/20}
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