+1 862 207 3288 Background
PROJECT EXECUTION AND CONTROL The following sources provide a good starting point, but should not be regarded as “the final word.” You
are encouraged to search the WWW for other relevant material. The ability to independently locate, evaluate, and utilize information
is one of the skills being taught.
You should not use the “retrieved on” dates shown below. Rather, you should supply the dates that you yourself viewed the sources.
Required Sources
AJ (2015). The Manhattan Project: Making the atomic bomb. (Index page. See the entire site.) Retrieved August 10, 2009 from
http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/mp/index.shtml
NY Guide (2002c). Management’s Guide to Project Success. (Execution and control: Sec. 3.4) Retrieved from the New York State Chief
Information Officer/Office for Technology’s Enterprise Program Management Office, June 6, 2009.
Wideman, M. (2015b). Project management case study: The Custom Woodworking Company – Woody 2000 project. Retrieved on 7 Feb 2015 from
http://www.maxwideman.com/papers/woody2000/intro.htm
Additional Sources
Hooke, F. (2013). The hidden cost of poor project management (Introductions – also see the linked pages.) Retrieved on 7 Feb 2015
http://www.maxwideman.com/guests/hidden/intro.htm
RoC (2008c). Public Procurement Best Practices Guide, (Execution and control: Chap. 7.5). Treasury of the Procurement Directorate of
the Treasury of the Republic of Cyprus.. Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www.publicprocurementguides.treasury.gov.cy/OHS-
EN/HTML/index.html?7_project_management.htm
SBI (2014c). Mastering project management (Project plan execution). Retrieved on 9 Feb 2015 from http://www.mastering-project-
management.com/project-plan-execution.html
TeamFME (2013c). Project Management Principles (Execution and control: pgs. 36-41). Retrieved August 10, 2009 from http://www.free-
management-ebooks.com/dldebk-pdf/fme-project-principles.pdf
Case Assignment
The Manhattan Project was unique in at least one respect; a major industrial enterprise was built in support of a totally new,
untested product – one that it may not have been possible to build. Although scientists knew that heavy atoms like uranium
spontaneously disintegrated, producing energetic radiation, it was by no means certain that the process could be scaled up to produce
an explosion. The only way to find out was to try – and the only way to try was to first separate kilograms of U235 from tons of U238.
(A parallel project was aimed at producing fissionable plutonium; both proceeded in parallel, because it was by no means certain that
either project would succeed.)
The massive work of uranium separation and plutonium production took place concurrently with basic scientific research and technical
weapons design. The first employed thousands of workers, most of them laborers with no scientific background whatsoever. The second
employed hundreds of the greatest scientific minds of the day, including (in a supporting role) Albert Einstein.
The production work and the theoretical work required vastly different control mechanisms. The greatest need on the production side
was secrecy. The mere fact that the United States had made uranium separation a high national priority would tell scientists in other
countries much more than the American government wanted them to know. The greatest need on theoretical side was the free exchange of
information among the scientists. If Physicist A wanted to discuss an idea with Physicist B, he wanted to talk to him directly – not
draft a report, to be read, classified, and hand-delivered by Military Intelligence.
The solution was to create two entirely different organizations within the Manhattan Project; one managed by military officers, the
second by a distinguished, charismatic physicist.
Q1: What were the organizations?
Q2: Who were the managers? How well were they suited to their jobs?
Based upon your detailed knowledge of modern project management techniques,
Q3: Could the control problems have been anticipated?
Q4: What, if anything, should have been done differently at the beginning of the Manhattan Project?
At the risk of giving too much away, we should note that one of the organizations still exists: Los Alamos National Laboratory of the
US Department of Energy. Feel free to visit the website. No scientific organization in the world has a more interesting history, or a
more distinguished pedigree.
Assignment Expectations
Integrate your answers to the above questions into a well-constructed essay. Feel free to use tables and bulleted lists, if
appropriate.
The readings do not provide specific answers to every question. You will need to “fill in the gaps,” using your understanding of the
Project’s history, plus the Background Information.
